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本文為燈塔大數據原創內容，歡迎個人轉載至朋友圈，其他機構轉載請在文章開頭標注：
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10月13日在匹茲堡舉辦的白宮前沿峰會上，專家表示人工智能不但不會導致人類垮臺，而且會幫助人們更好地工作。人工智能不僅可以輔助醫生診斷膿毒癥，還可以幫助科學家跟蹤野外瀕危動物等。
著名天體物理學家斯蒂芬·霍金曾公開表示，完全開發的人工智能足以摧毀人類！在13日的白宮前沿峰會上，國家高級研究人員，企業家，創業者以及學生均有出席，科學家就人工智能(AI)如何促進科學研究發展和如何改善生活等方面進行了詳細的說明。
芝加哥伊利諾伊大學計算機科學教授塔尼亞·貝吉爾·沃夫（Tanya Berger-Wolf）在此次大會上表示，許多動物保護領域的研究人員想知道地球上到底有多少只動物，想弄清楚他們住在哪里，但是由于受到在世界各地部署的定位項圈和衛星軌道的個數限制，目前科學家還沒有能力做到這一點。
編者注：
伊利諾伊大學創建于1867年，是美國伊利諾伊州的一個大學系統，也是美國最具影響力的公立大學系統之一，在全世界享有盛譽。芝加哥分校是芝加哥地區最大的研究型大學，是美國一級國家級大學，在城市事務、醫學和健康科學領域處于領先水平，擁有全美最大的醫學院。
于是貝吉爾·沃夫和她的同事共同開發了Wildbook.org，這是一個擁有人工智能算法系統的網站。專家和公眾可以在線上傳照片，系統通過檢查這些照片得到動物相關的信息。系統可以識別出每個動物的獨特標記。通過每張照片提供的GPS坐標跟蹤其棲息地范圍，系統也可以估計出動物的年齡，辨別出動物的性別。
貝吉爾·沃夫說，通過2015年識別的海量照片，研究人員們確認了肯尼亞瀕危物種細紋斑馬數量減少的原因。因為獅子的捕殺，導致細紋斑馬幼崽大量死亡。這項發現幫助當地政府官員及時改變了獅子管理計劃。
“帶有人工智能算法的動物圖像識別技術，正在使動物保護大眾化，現在可以使用照片來跟蹤動物，并觀測它們的數量”，貝吉爾·沃夫說。
膿毒癥是一種并發癥，由于血液抵御感染而釋放的化學物質觸發炎癥，發現早是可以治愈的，但如果沒有檢測到病情發展，患者可能會因為器官衰竭而死亡。約翰霍普金斯大學懷廷工程學院助理教授蘇奇·薩莉亞表示，現在AI算法可以掃描電子病歷數據，這可以幫助醫生提前24小時診斷膿毒癥。
編者注：
約翰·霍普金斯大學簡稱Hopkins或JHU，成立于1876年，是一所世界頂級的著名私立大學，美國第一所研究型大學，也是北美頂尖大學學術聯盟美國大學協會（AAU）的14所創始校之一。2016年英國《泰晤士報》高等教育增刊將其列為世界第11，美國第7。而懷廷工程學院起步于1913年，于1919年作為獨立學院創建，至1937年時，已經培養了超過1,000名擁有工程學位的學生。1961年，工程學院更名為霍普金斯工程科學學院，并在1966年并入霍普金斯藝術與科學學院。直到1979年，工程學院再次形成獨立的學術分支，更名為懷廷工程學院。
薩莉亞分享了一個52歲的女性膿毒癥患者的故事，這個女人因為輕度感染引發的腳痛來到醫院。在她住院期間，女人出現了膿毒癥反應，最后因為器官衰竭死亡。如果醫生使用目標實時預警系統（TREWScore），他們就可以提前24個小時診斷出她患有膿毒癥，這樣她可能就不會死了。同時薩莉亞還指出TREWScore也可用于監測其他狀況，包括糖尿病和高血壓，她說：“你的數據可能已經診斷出來你患上的疾病了，我們只需要找到數據解碼的方法。
洪水、地震或其他災害發生時，受災者可能被困于任何地方。新的AI技術正在幫助應急救援人員第一時間找到它們。
最近，救援人員嘗試使用空中鏡頭觀察災區情況，找到受害者。德州農工大學計算機科學工程教授羅賓·墨菲（Robin Murphy）說，從無人機拍攝的資料中篩選照片和視頻是一項耗時的工作，如果不能及時處理完這些資料，很可能貽誤救援時機，導致受災者死亡。
墨菲說，AI支持計算機程序員編寫基本算法，因此它可以檢查鏡頭拍攝的大量影像，甚至它可以檢測洪水泛濫地區的殘骸堆，找到可能被掩埋的受災者。
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此外，墨菲還提到AI算法可以篩選Twitter等社交媒體網站信息，從而了解失蹤人口和災害情況。
通常來說找出計算機代碼的缺陷并發現進攻者的操作過程非常困難。國防高級研究計劃局（DARPA）信息創新辦公室的項目經理邁克爾·沃克說：“攻擊者可能花費了數月甚至數年的時間準備一次攻擊，而防御方必須在幾分鐘內完全弄懂他們攻擊的位置，并提出應對方法，這實在很難實現?！?
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人工智能似乎能做到這一點。DARPA于8月4日在拉斯維加斯，舉辦了第一次網絡挑戰賽，比賽最后的贏家是匹茲堡的初創公司ForAllSecure創建的Mayhem項目。
然而，第二名的團隊Xandra發現了一個新的用二進制代碼發起的攻擊，并找到它是如何運作、如何在網絡中傳播、如何攻破目標防御系統的。系統檢測到了攻擊，于是快速打上補丁，終止了入侵，整個過程只花了15分鐘。“在人發現缺陷之前，系統就修復了這個缺陷”，沃克說。
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雖然這場攻擊發生在一個小規模網絡上，但是沃克表示，他相信未來AI可以修復bug，并可以在現實世界的網絡中應對在線攻擊。
研究人員在星期四宣布了一個具有里程碑意義的消息，他們發現癱瘓者的觸摸感覺，可以通過植入大腦的控制芯片和機器手臂來恢復。
《科學實報》（Live Science）報道，2004年的一次汽車事故，導致男子南森·科普蘭（Nathan Copeland）四肢癱瘓，他的腿和下臂失去了知覺。在此次白宮前沿會議上，匹茲堡大學醫學院物理醫學和康復系教授邁克爾·伯寧杰（Michael Boninger）博士，解釋了如何利用創新技術手段讓科普蘭的手臂恢復知覺。
醫生將兩個微型電子芯片植入科普蘭的大腦，一個在控制觸摸的感覺皮層，另一個在控制運動的運動皮層。在一次試驗中，科普蘭能夠用他的意念控制機器手臂。伯寧杰說，更令人興奮的是，當研究人員觸摸機器手臂時，科普蘭說他能夠感覺到觸摸的感覺。
人工智能應用于恢復病人知覺方面，依然存在很多需要改進的地方，包括如何開發一個具有長壽命的電池，如何使受傷的人恢復百分之百的知覺，如何恢復運動系統。伯寧杰說： “這一切都需要AI和機器學習。”?
5 Intriguing Uses for Artificial Intelligence (That Aren't Killer Robots)
Rather than leading to the violent downfall of humankind, artificial intelligence is helping people around the world do their jobs, including doctors who diagnose sepsis in patients and scientists who track endangered animals in the wild, experts said Thursday (Oct. 13) at the White House Frontiers Conference in Pittsburgh.
Advancements in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) haven't always been met with enthusiasm. Famed astrophysicist Stephen Hawking warned on several occasions that a fully developed AI could destroy the human race, and Hollywood sci-fi movies are rife with fierce robots battling humans for control. But at yesterday's conference — attended by the country's leading researchers, innovators, entrepreneurs and students — scientists explained how newly developed AI is accelerating research and improving lives.
Here is a look at five AI inventions that are already redefining technology. [The 6 Strangest Robots Ever Created]
Many researchers want to know how many animals are out there and where they live, but "scientists do not have the capacity to do this, and there are not enough GPS collars or satellite tracks in the world," Tanya Berger-Wolf, a professor of computer science at the University of Illinois at Chicago, said at the conference, which was jointly hosted by the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University and was also streamed live online.
Instead, Berger-Wolf and her colleagues developed Wildbook.org, a site that houses an AI system and algorithms. The system inspects photos uploaded online by experts and the public. It can recognize each animal's unique markings, track its habitat range by using GPS coordinates provided by each photo, estimate the animal's age and reveal whether it is male or female, Berger-Wolf said.
After a massive 2015 photo campaign, Wildbook determined that lions were killing too many babies of the endangered Grévy's zebra in Kenya, prompting local officials to change the lion management program, she said.
"The ability to use images with photo identification is democratizing access to conservation in science," Berger-Wolf said. "We now can use photographs to track and count animals."
Sepsis is a complication that is treatable if caught early, but patients can experience organ failure, or even death, if it goes undetected for too long. Now, AI algorithms that scour data on electronic medical records can help doctors diagnose sepsis a full 24 hours earlier, on average, said Suchi Saria, an assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering.
Saria shared a story about a 52-year-old woman who came to the hospital because of a mildly infected foot sore. During her stay, the woman developed sepsis — a condition in which a chemical released by the blood to fight infection triggers inflammation. This inflammation can lead to changes in the body, which can cause organ failure or even death, she said.
The woman died, Saria said. But if the doctors had used the AI system, called Targeted Real-Time Early Warning System (TREWScore), they could have diagnosed her 12 hours earlier, and perhaps saved her life, Saria said.
TREWScore also can be used to monitor other conditions, including diabetes and high blood pressure, she noted. "[Diagnoses] may already be in your data," Saria added. "We just need ways to decode them." [A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence]
Victims of floods, earthquakes or other disasters can be stranded anywhere, but new AI technology is helping first responders locate them before it's too late.
Until recently, rescuers would try to find victims by looking at aerial footage of a disaster area. But sifting through photos and video from drones is time-intensive, and it runs the risk of the victim dying before help arrives, said Robin Murphy, a professor of computer science and engineering at Texas A&M University.
AI permits computer programmers to write basic algorithms that can examine extensive footage and find missing people in less than 2 hours, Murphy said. The AI can even find piles of debris in flooded areas that may have trapped victims, she added.
In addition, AI algorithms can sift through social media sites, such as Twitter, to learn about missing people and disasters, Murphy said.
Finding flaws and attacks on computer code is a manual process, and it's typically a difficult one.
"Attackers can spend months or years developing [hacks]," said Michael Walker, a program manager with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's (DARPA) Information Innovation Office. "Defenders must comprehend that attack and counter it in just minutes."
But AI appears to be up to the challenge. DARPA held its first Cyber Grand Challenge on Aug. 4 in Las Vegas, a competition won by Mayhem, a program created by the Pittsburgh-based startup ForAllSecure.
Walker described how the second-place team Xandra "discovered a new attack in binary code, figured out how it worked, reached out over a network [and] breached the defenses of one of its opponents, a system named Jima. And Jima detected that breach, offered a patch, decided to field it and ended the breach."
The entire episode took 15 minutes. "It all happened before any human being knew that flaw existed," Walker said. The attack happened on a small network, but Walker said he was confident that AI could one day patch bugs and respond to attacks online in the real world.
Researcher Rob Gaunt prepares Nathan Copeland for brain computer interface sensory test.
Researcher Rob Gaunt prepares Nathan Copeland for brain computer interface sensory test.
Credit: UPMC/Pitt Health Sciences Media Relations
In a landmark event announced Thursday, researchers revealed that a paralyzed man's feelings of touch were restored with a mind-controlled robotic arm and brain chip implants. [Bionic Humans: Top 10 Technologies]
A 2004 car accident left the man, Nathan Copeland, with quadriplegia, meaning he couldn't feel or move his legs or lower arms, Live Science reported yesterday. At the Frontiers Conference, Dr. Michael Boninger, a professor in the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, explained how innovations allowed Copeland to feel sensation in his hand again.
Doctors implanted two small electronic chips into Copeland's brain — one in the sensory cortex, which controls touch, and the other in the motor cortex, which controls movement. During one trial, Copeland was able to control the robotic arm with his thoughts. Even more exciting, Boninger said, was that the man reported feeling the sensation of touch when the researchers touched the robotic hand.
Many challenges remain, including developing a system that has a long battery life and enables full sensation and movement for injured people, he said. "All of this will require AI and machine learning," Boninger said.
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